Europe-2 and Russia against the West

Russia: part of Europe or Eurasia?

Krzysztof Karczewski argues that Russia embodies a distinct Eurasian civilization rooted in Orthodoxy and Byzantinism, opposed to the liberal West yet aligned with a “second Europe” of traditionalist, communal, and anti-globalist heritage.

Once, on Russian (and also Polish!) social media, I noticed a debate: Does Russia belong to Europe? In other words, …